n2vc/libjuju.py

# Copyright 2020 Canonical Ltd.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
#     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
#     limitations under the License.

import asyncio
import logging
import typing

import time

from juju.errors import JujuAPIError
from juju.model import Model
from juju.machine import Machine
from juju.application import Application
from juju.unit import Unit
from juju.client._definitions import (
    FullStatus,
    QueryApplicationOffersResults,
    Cloud,
    CloudCredential,
)
from juju.controller import Controller
from juju.client import client
from juju import tag

from n2vc.juju_watcher import JujuModelWatcher
from n2vc.provisioner import AsyncSSHProvisioner
from n2vc.n2vc_conn import N2VCConnector
from n2vc.exceptions import (
    JujuMachineNotFound,
    JujuApplicationNotFound,
    JujuLeaderUnitNotFound,
    JujuActionNotFound,
    JujuControllerFailedConnecting,
    JujuApplicationExists,
    JujuInvalidK8sConfiguration,
    JujuError,
)
from n2vc.vca.cloud import Cloud as VcaCloud
from n2vc.vca.connection import Connection
from kubernetes.client.configuration import Configuration
from retrying_async import retry


RBAC_LABEL_KEY_NAME = "rbac-id"


class Libjuju:
    def __init__(
        self,
        vca_connection: Connection,
        loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop = None,
        log: logging.Logger = None,
        n2vc: N2VCConnector = None,
    ):
        """
        Constructor

        :param: vca_connection:         n2vc.vca.connection object
        :param: loop:                   Asyncio loop
        :param: log:                    Logger
        :param: n2vc:                   N2VC object
        """

        self.log = log or logging.getLogger("Libjuju")
        self.n2vc = n2vc
        self.vca_connection = vca_connection

        self.loop = loop or asyncio.get_event_loop()
        self.loop.set_exception_handler(self.handle_exception)
        self.creating_model = asyncio.Lock(loop=self.loop)

        if self.vca_connection.is_default:
            self.health_check_task = self._create_health_check_task()

    def _create_health_check_task(self):
        return self.loop.create_task(self.health_check())

    async def get_controller(self, timeout: float = 60.0) -> Controller:
        """
        Get controller

        :param: timeout: Time in seconds to wait for controller to connect
        """
        controller = None
        try:
            controller = Controller(loop=self.loop)
            await asyncio.wait_for(
                controller.connect(
                    endpoint=self.vca_connection.data.endpoints,
                    username=self.vca_connection.data.user,
                    password=self.vca_connection.data.secret,
                    cacert=self.vca_connection.data.cacert,
                ),
                timeout=timeout,
            )
            if self.vca_connection.is_default:
                endpoints = await controller.api_endpoints
                if not all(
                    endpoint in self.vca_connection.endpoints for endpoint in endpoints
                ):
                    await self.vca_connection.update_endpoints(endpoints)
            return controller
        except asyncio.CancelledError as e:
            raise e
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(
                "Failed connecting to controller: {}... {}".format(
                    self.vca_connection.data.endpoints, e
                )
            )
            if controller:
                await self.disconnect_controller(controller)
            raise JujuControllerFailedConnecting(e)

    async def disconnect(self):
        """Disconnect"""
        # Cancel health check task
        self.health_check_task.cancel()
        self.log.debug("Libjuju disconnected!")

    async def disconnect_model(self, model: Model):
        """
        Disconnect model

        :param: model: Model that will be disconnected
        """
        await model.disconnect()

    async def disconnect_controller(self, controller: Controller):
        """
        Disconnect controller

        :param: controller: Controller that will be disconnected
        """
        if controller:
            await controller.disconnect()

    @retry(attempts=3, delay=5, timeout=None)
    async def add_model(self, model_name: str, cloud: VcaCloud):
        """
        Create model

        :param: model_name: Model name
        :param: cloud: Cloud object
        """

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = None
        try:
            # Block until other workers have finished model creation
            while self.creating_model.locked():
                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)

            # Create the model
            async with self.creating_model:
                if await self.model_exists(model_name, controller=controller):
                    return
                self.log.debug("Creating model {}".format(model_name))
                model = await controller.add_model(
                    model_name,
                    config=self.vca_connection.data.model_config,
                    cloud_name=cloud.name,
                    credential_name=cloud.credential_name,
                )
        except JujuAPIError as e:
            if "already exists" in e.message:
                pass
            else:
                raise e
        finally:
            if model:
                await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def get_executed_actions(self, model_name: str) -> list:
        """
        Get executed/history of actions for a model.

        :param: model_name: Model name, str.
        :return: List of executed actions for a model.
        """
        model = None
        executed_actions = []
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
            # Get all unique action names
            actions = {}
            for application in model.applications:
                application_actions = await self.get_actions(application, model_name)
                actions.update(application_actions)
            # Get status of all actions
            for application_action in actions:
                app_action_status_list = await model.get_action_status(
                    name=application_action
                )
                for action_id, action_status in app_action_status_list.items():
                    executed_action = {
                        "id": action_id,
                        "action": application_action,
                        "status": action_status,
                    }
                    # Get action output by id
                    action_status = await model.get_action_output(executed_action["id"])
                    for k, v in action_status.items():
                        executed_action[k] = v
                    executed_actions.append(executed_action)
        except Exception as e:
            raise JujuError(
                "Error in getting executed actions for model: {}. Error: {}".format(
                    model_name, str(e)
                )
            )
        finally:
            if model:
                await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)
        return executed_actions

    async def get_application_configs(
        self, model_name: str, application_name: str
    ) -> dict:
        """
        Get available configs for an application.

        :param: model_name: Model name, str.
        :param: application_name: Application name, str.

        :return: A dict which has key - action name, value - action description
        """
        model = None
        application_configs = {}
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
            application = self._get_application(
                model, application_name=application_name
            )
            application_configs = await application.get_config()
        except Exception as e:
            raise JujuError(
                "Error in getting configs for application: {} in model: {}. Error: {}".format(
                    application_name, model_name, str(e)
                )
            )
        finally:
            if model:
                await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)
        return application_configs

    @retry(attempts=3, delay=5)
    async def get_model(self, controller: Controller, model_name: str) -> Model:
        """
        Get model from controller

        :param: controller: Controller
        :param: model_name: Model name

        :return: Model: The created Juju model object
        """
        return await controller.get_model(model_name)

    async def model_exists(self, model_name: str, controller: Controller = None) -> bool:
        """
        Check if model exists

        :param: controller: Controller
        :param: model_name: Model name

        :return bool
        """
        need_to_disconnect = False

        # Get controller if not passed
        if not controller:
            controller = await self.get_controller()
            need_to_disconnect = True

        # Check if model exists
        try:
            return model_name in await controller.list_models()
        finally:
            if need_to_disconnect:
                await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def models_exist(self, model_names: [str]) -> (bool, list):
        """
        Check if models exists

        :param: model_names: List of strings with model names

        :return (bool, list[str]): (True if all models exists, List of model names that don't exist)
        """
        if not model_names:
            raise Exception(
                "model_names must be a non-empty array. Given value: {}".format(
                    model_names
                )
            )
        non_existing_models = []
        models = await self.list_models()
        existing_models = list(set(models).intersection(model_names))
        non_existing_models = list(set(model_names) - set(existing_models))

        return (
            len(non_existing_models) == 0,
            non_existing_models,
        )

    async def get_model_status(self, model_name: str) -> FullStatus:
        """
        Get model status

        :param: model_name: Model name

        :return: Full status object
        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
        try:
            return await model.get_status()
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def create_machine(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        machine_id: str = None,
        db_dict: dict = None,
        progress_timeout: float = None,
        total_timeout: float = None,
        series: str = "xenial",
        wait: bool = True,
    ) -> (Machine, bool):
        """
        Create machine

        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: machine_id:         Machine id
        :param: db_dict:            Dictionary with data of the DB to write the updates
        :param: progress_timeout:   Maximum time between two updates in the model
        :param: total_timeout:      Timeout for the entity to be active
        :param: series:             Series of the machine (xenial, bionic, focal, ...)
        :param: wait:               Wait until machine is ready

        :return: (juju.machine.Machine, bool):  Machine object and a boolean saying
                                                if the machine is new or it already existed
        """
        new = False
        machine = None

        self.log.debug(
            "Creating machine (id={}) in model: {}".format(machine_id, model_name)
        )

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
        try:
            if machine_id is not None:
                self.log.debug(
                    "Searching machine (id={}) in model {}".format(
                        machine_id, model_name
                    )
                )

                # Get machines from model and get the machine with machine_id if exists
                machines = await model.get_machines()
                if machine_id in machines:
                    self.log.debug(
                        "Machine (id={}) found in model {}".format(
                            machine_id, model_name
                        )
                    )
                    machine = machines[machine_id]
                else:
                    raise JujuMachineNotFound("Machine {} not found".format(machine_id))

            if machine is None:
                self.log.debug("Creating a new machine in model {}".format(model_name))

                # Create machine
                machine = await model.add_machine(
                    spec=None, constraints=None, disks=None, series=series
                )
                new = True

                # Wait until the machine is ready
                self.log.debug(
                    "Wait until machine {} is ready in model {}".format(
                        machine.entity_id, model_name
                    )
                )
                if wait:
                    await JujuModelWatcher.wait_for(
                        model=model,
                        entity=machine,
                        progress_timeout=progress_timeout,
                        total_timeout=total_timeout,
                        db_dict=db_dict,
                        n2vc=self.n2vc,
                        vca_id=self.vca_connection._vca_id,
                    )
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

        self.log.debug(
            "Machine {} ready at {} in model {}".format(
                machine.entity_id, machine.dns_name, model_name
            )
        )
        return machine, new

    async def provision_machine(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        hostname: str,
        username: str,
        private_key_path: str,
        db_dict: dict = None,
        progress_timeout: float = None,
        total_timeout: float = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Manually provisioning of a machine

        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: hostname:           IP to access the machine
        :param: username:           Username to login to the machine
        :param: private_key_path:   Local path for the private key
        :param: db_dict:            Dictionary with data of the DB to write the updates
        :param: progress_timeout:   Maximum time between two updates in the model
        :param: total_timeout:      Timeout for the entity to be active

        :return: (Entity): Machine id
        """
        self.log.debug(
            "Provisioning machine. model: {}, hostname: {}, username: {}".format(
                model_name, hostname, username
            )
        )

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)

        try:
            # Get provisioner
            provisioner = AsyncSSHProvisioner(
                host=hostname,
                user=username,
                private_key_path=private_key_path,
                log=self.log,
            )

            # Provision machine
            params = await provisioner.provision_machine()

            params.jobs = ["JobHostUnits"]

            self.log.debug("Adding machine to model")
            connection = model.connection()
            client_facade = client.ClientFacade.from_connection(connection)

            results = await client_facade.AddMachines(params=[params])
            error = results.machines[0].error

            if error:
                msg = "Error adding machine: {}".format(error.message)
                self.log.error(msg=msg)
                raise ValueError(msg)

            machine_id = results.machines[0].machine

            self.log.debug("Installing Juju agent into machine {}".format(machine_id))
            asyncio.ensure_future(
                provisioner.install_agent(
                    connection=connection,
                    nonce=params.nonce,
                    machine_id=machine_id,
                    proxy=self.vca_connection.data.api_proxy,
                    series=params.series,
                )
            )

            machine = None
            for _ in range(10):
                machine_list = await model.get_machines()
                if machine_id in machine_list:
                    self.log.debug("Machine {} found in model!".format(machine_id))
                    machine = model.machines.get(machine_id)
                    break
                await asyncio.sleep(2)

            if machine is None:
                msg = "Machine {} not found in model".format(machine_id)
                self.log.error(msg=msg)
                raise JujuMachineNotFound(msg)

            self.log.debug(
                "Wait until machine {} is ready in model {}".format(
                    machine.entity_id, model_name
                )
            )
            await JujuModelWatcher.wait_for(
                model=model,
                entity=machine,
                progress_timeout=progress_timeout,
                total_timeout=total_timeout,
                db_dict=db_dict,
                n2vc=self.n2vc,
                vca_id=self.vca_connection._vca_id,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise e
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

        self.log.debug(
            "Machine provisioned {} in model {}".format(machine_id, model_name)
        )

        return machine_id

    async def deploy(
        self, uri: str, model_name: str, wait: bool = True, timeout: float = 3600
    ):
        """
        Deploy bundle or charm: Similar to the juju CLI command `juju deploy`

        :param: uri:            Path or Charm Store uri in which the charm or bundle can be found
        :param: model_name:     Model name
        :param: wait:           Indicates whether to wait or not until all applications are active
        :param: timeout:        Time in seconds to wait until all applications are active
        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
        try:
            await model.deploy(uri)
            if wait:
                await JujuModelWatcher.wait_for_model(model, timeout=timeout)
                self.log.debug("All units active in model {}".format(model_name))
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def deploy_charm(
        self,
        application_name: str,
        path: str,
        model_name: str,
        machine_id: str,
        db_dict: dict = None,
        progress_timeout: float = None,
        total_timeout: float = None,
        config: dict = None,
        series: str = None,
        num_units: int = 1,
    ):
        """Deploy charm

        :param: application_name:   Application name
        :param: path:               Local path to the charm
        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: machine_id          ID of the machine
        :param: db_dict:            Dictionary with data of the DB to write the updates
        :param: progress_timeout:   Maximum time between two updates in the model
        :param: total_timeout:      Timeout for the entity to be active
        :param: config:             Config for the charm
        :param: series:             Series of the charm
        :param: num_units:          Number of units

        :return: (juju.application.Application): Juju application
        """
        self.log.debug(
            "Deploying charm {} to machine {} in model ~{}".format(
                application_name, machine_id, model_name
            )
        )
        self.log.debug("charm: {}".format(path))

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)

        try:
            application = None
            if application_name not in model.applications:

                if machine_id is not None:
                    if machine_id not in model.machines:
                        msg = "Machine {} not found in model".format(machine_id)
                        self.log.error(msg=msg)
                        raise JujuMachineNotFound(msg)
                    machine = model.machines[machine_id]
                    series = machine.series

                application = await model.deploy(
                    entity_url=path,
                    application_name=application_name,
                    channel="stable",
                    num_units=1,
                    series=series,
                    to=machine_id,
                    config=config,
                )

                self.log.debug(
                    "Wait until application {} is ready in model {}".format(
                        application_name, model_name
                    )
                )
                if num_units > 1:
                    for _ in range(num_units - 1):
                        m, _ = await self.create_machine(model_name, wait=False)
                        await application.add_unit(to=m.entity_id)

                await JujuModelWatcher.wait_for(
                    model=model,
                    entity=application,
                    progress_timeout=progress_timeout,
                    total_timeout=total_timeout,
                    db_dict=db_dict,
                    n2vc=self.n2vc,
                    vca_id=self.vca_connection._vca_id,
                )
                self.log.debug(
                    "Application {} is ready in model {}".format(
                        application_name, model_name
                    )
                )
            else:
                raise JujuApplicationExists(
                    "Application {} exists".format(application_name)
                )
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

        return application

    def _get_application(self, model: Model, application_name: str) -> Application:
        """Get application

        :param: model:              Model object
        :param: application_name:   Application name

        :return: juju.application.Application (or None if it doesn't exist)
        """
        if model.applications and application_name in model.applications:
            return model.applications[application_name]

    async def execute_action(
        self,
        application_name: str,
        model_name: str,
        action_name: str,
        db_dict: dict = None,
        progress_timeout: float = None,
        total_timeout: float = None,
        **kwargs
    ):
        """Execute action

        :param: application_name:   Application name
        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: action_name:        Name of the action
        :param: db_dict:            Dictionary with data of the DB to write the updates
        :param: progress_timeout:   Maximum time between two updates in the model
        :param: total_timeout:      Timeout for the entity to be active

        :return: (str, str): (output and status)
        """
        self.log.debug(
            "Executing action {} using params {}".format(action_name, kwargs)
        )
        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)

        try:
            # Get application
            application = self._get_application(
                model,
                application_name=application_name,
            )
            if application is None:
                raise JujuApplicationNotFound("Cannot execute action")

            # Get leader unit
            # Racing condition:
            #   Ocassionally, self._get_leader_unit() will return None
            #   because the leader elected hook has not been triggered yet.
            #   Therefore, we are doing some retries. If it happens again,
            #   re-open bug 1236
            unit = await self._get_leader_unit(application)

            actions = await application.get_actions()

            if action_name not in actions:
                raise JujuActionNotFound(
                    "Action {} not in available actions".format(action_name)
                )

            action = await unit.run_action(action_name, **kwargs)

            self.log.debug(
                "Wait until action {} is completed in application {} (model={})".format(
                    action_name, application_name, model_name
                )
            )
            await JujuModelWatcher.wait_for(
                model=model,
                entity=action,
                progress_timeout=progress_timeout,
                total_timeout=total_timeout,
                db_dict=db_dict,
                n2vc=self.n2vc,
                vca_id=self.vca_connection._vca_id,
            )

            output = await model.get_action_output(action_uuid=action.entity_id)
            status = await model.get_action_status(uuid_or_prefix=action.entity_id)
            status = (
                status[action.entity_id] if action.entity_id in status else "failed"
            )

            self.log.debug(
                "Action {} completed with status {} in application {} (model={})".format(
                    action_name, action.status, application_name, model_name
                )
            )
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

        return output, status

    async def get_actions(self, application_name: str, model_name: str) -> dict:
        """Get list of actions

        :param: application_name: Application name
        :param: model_name: Model name

        :return: Dict with this format
            {
                "action_name": "Description of the action",
                ...
            }
        """
        self.log.debug(
            "Getting list of actions for application {}".format(application_name)
        )

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)

        try:
            # Get application
            application = self._get_application(
                model,
                application_name=application_name,
            )

            # Return list of actions
            return await application.get_actions()

        finally:
            # Disconnect from model and controller
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def get_metrics(self, model_name: str, application_name: str) -> dict:
        """Get the metrics collected by the VCA.

        :param model_name The name or unique id of the network service
        :param application_name The name of the application
        """
        if not model_name or not application_name:
            raise Exception("model_name and application_name must be non-empty strings")
        metrics = {}
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
        try:
            application = self._get_application(model, application_name)
            if application is not None:
                metrics = await application.get_metrics()
        finally:
            self.disconnect_model(model)
            self.disconnect_controller(controller)
        return metrics

    async def add_relation(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        endpoint_1: str,
        endpoint_2: str,
    ):
        """Add relation

        :param: model_name:     Model name
        :param: endpoint_1      First endpoint name
                                ("app:endpoint" format or directly the saas name)
        :param: endpoint_2:     Second endpoint name (^ same format)
        """

        self.log.debug("Adding relation: {} -> {}".format(endpoint_1, endpoint_2))

        # Get controller
        controller = await self.get_controller()

        # Get model
        model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)

        # Add relation
        try:
            await model.add_relation(endpoint_1, endpoint_2)
        except JujuAPIError as e:
            if "not found" in e.message:
                self.log.warning("Relation not found: {}".format(e.message))
                return
            if "already exists" in e.message:
                self.log.warning("Relation already exists: {}".format(e.message))
                return
            # another exception, raise it
            raise e
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def consume(
        self,
        offer_url: str,
        model_name: str,
    ):
        """
        Adds a remote offer to the model. Relations can be created later using "juju relate".

        :param: offer_url:      Offer Url
        :param: model_name:     Model name

        :raises ParseError if there's a problem parsing the offer_url
        :raises JujuError if remote offer includes and endpoint
        :raises JujuAPIError if the operation is not successful
        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = await controller.get_model(model_name)

        try:
            await model.consume(offer_url)
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def destroy_model(self, model_name: str, total_timeout: float):
        """
        Destroy model

        :param: model_name:     Model name
        :param: total_timeout:  Timeout
        """

        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = None
        try:
            if not await self.model_exists(model_name, controller=controller):
                return

            model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
            self.log.debug("Destroying model {}".format(model_name))
            uuid = model.info.uuid

            # Destroy machines that are manually provisioned
            # and still are in pending state
            await self._destroy_pending_machines(model, only_manual=True)

            # Disconnect model
            await self.disconnect_model(model)

            await controller.destroy_model(uuid, force=True, max_wait=0)

            # Wait until model is destroyed
            self.log.debug("Waiting for model {} to be destroyed...".format(model_name))

            if total_timeout is None:
                total_timeout = 3600
            end = time.time() + total_timeout
            while time.time() < end:
                models = await controller.list_models()
                if model_name not in models:
                    self.log.debug(
                        "The model {} ({}) was destroyed".format(model_name, uuid)
                    )
                    return
                await asyncio.sleep(5)
            raise Exception(
                "Timeout waiting for model {} to be destroyed".format(model_name)
            )
        except Exception as e:
            if model:
                await self.disconnect_model(model)
            raise e
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def destroy_application(
        self, model_name: str, application_name: str, total_timeout: float
    ):
        """
        Destroy application

        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: application_name:   Application name
        :param: total_timeout:      Timeout
        """

        controller = await self.get_controller()
        model = None

        try:
            model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
            self.log.debug(
                "Destroying application {} in model {}".format(
                    application_name, model_name
                )
            )
            application = self._get_application(model, application_name)
            if application:
                await application.destroy()
            else:
                self.log.warning("Application not found: {}".format(application_name))

            self.log.debug(
                "Waiting for application {} to be destroyed in model {}...".format(
                    application_name, model_name
                )
            )
            if total_timeout is None:
                total_timeout = 3600
            end = time.time() + total_timeout
            while time.time() < end:
                if not self._get_application(model, application_name):
                    self.log.debug(
                        "The application {} was destroyed in model {} ".format(
                            application_name, model_name
                        )
                    )
                    return
                await asyncio.sleep(5)
            raise Exception(
                "Timeout waiting for application {} to be destroyed in model {}".format(
                    application_name, model_name
                )
            )
        finally:
            if model is not None:
                await self.disconnect_model(model)
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def _destroy_pending_machines(self, model: Model, only_manual: bool = False):
        """
        Destroy pending machines in a given model

        :param: only_manual:    Bool that indicates only manually provisioned
                                machines should be destroyed (if True), or that
                                all pending machines should be destroyed
        """
        status = await model.get_status()
        for machine_id in status.machines:
            machine_status = status.machines[machine_id]
            if machine_status.agent_status.status == "pending":
                if only_manual and not machine_status.instance_id.startswith("manual:"):
                    break
                machine = model.machines[machine_id]
                await machine.destroy(force=True)

    async def configure_application(
        self, model_name: str, application_name: str, config: dict = None
    ):
        """Configure application

        :param: model_name:         Model name
        :param: application_name:   Application name
        :param: config:             Config to apply to the charm
        """
        self.log.debug("Configuring application {}".format(application_name))

        if config:
            controller = await self.get_controller()
            model = None
            try:
                model = await self.get_model(controller, model_name)
                application = self._get_application(
                    model,
                    application_name=application_name,
                )
                await application.set_config(config)
            finally:
                if model:
                    await self.disconnect_model(model)
                await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    def handle_exception(self, loop, context):
        # All unhandled exceptions by libjuju are handled here.
        pass

    async def health_check(self, interval: float = 300.0):
        """
        Health check to make sure controller and controller_model connections are OK

        :param: interval: Time in seconds between checks
        """
        controller = None
        while True:
            try:
                controller = await self.get_controller()
                # self.log.debug("VCA is alive")
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.error("Health check to VCA failed: {}".format(e))
            finally:
                await self.disconnect_controller(controller)
            await asyncio.sleep(interval)

    async def list_models(self, contains: str = None) -> [str]:
        """List models with certain names

        :param: contains:   String that is contained in model name

        :retur: [models] Returns list of model names
        """

        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            models = await controller.list_models()
            if contains:
                models = [model for model in models if contains in model]
            return models
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def list_offers(self, model_name: str) -> QueryApplicationOffersResults:
        """List models with certain names

        :param: model_name: Model name

        :return:            Returns list of offers
        """

        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            return await controller.list_offers(model_name)
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def add_k8s(
        self,
        name: str,
        rbac_id: str,
        token: str,
        client_cert_data: str,
        configuration: Configuration,
        storage_class: str,
        credential_name: str = None,
    ):
        """
        Add a Kubernetes cloud to the controller

        Similar to the `juju add-k8s` command in the CLI

        :param: name:               Name for the K8s cloud
        :param: configuration:      Kubernetes configuration object
        :param: storage_class:      Storage Class to use in the cloud
        :param: credential_name:    Storage Class to use in the cloud
        """

        if not storage_class:
            raise Exception("storage_class must be a non-empty string")
        if not name:
            raise Exception("name must be a non-empty string")
        if not configuration:
            raise Exception("configuration must be provided")

        endpoint = configuration.host
        credential = self.get_k8s_cloud_credential(
            configuration,
            client_cert_data,
            token,
        )
        credential.attrs[RBAC_LABEL_KEY_NAME] = rbac_id
        cloud = client.Cloud(
            type_="kubernetes",
            auth_types=[credential.auth_type],
            endpoint=endpoint,
            ca_certificates=[client_cert_data],
            config={
                "operator-storage": storage_class,
                "workload-storage": storage_class,
            },
        )

        return await self.add_cloud(
            name, cloud, credential, credential_name=credential_name
        )

    def get_k8s_cloud_credential(
        self,
        configuration: Configuration,
        client_cert_data: str,
        token: str = None,
    ) -> client.CloudCredential:
        attrs = {}
        # TODO: Test with AKS
        key = None  # open(configuration.key_file, "r").read()
        username = configuration.username
        password = configuration.password

        if client_cert_data:
            attrs["ClientCertificateData"] = client_cert_data
        if key:
            attrs["ClientKeyData"] = key
        if token:
            if username or password:
                raise JujuInvalidK8sConfiguration("Cannot set both token and user/pass")
            attrs["Token"] = token

        auth_type = None
        if key:
            auth_type = "oauth2"
            if client_cert_data:
                auth_type = "oauth2withcert"
            if not token:
                raise JujuInvalidK8sConfiguration(
                    "missing token for auth type {}".format(auth_type)
                )
        elif username:
            if not password:
                self.log.debug(
                    "credential for user {} has empty password".format(username)
                )
            attrs["username"] = username
            attrs["password"] = password
            if client_cert_data:
                auth_type = "userpasswithcert"
            else:
                auth_type = "userpass"
        elif client_cert_data and token:
            auth_type = "certificate"
        else:
            raise JujuInvalidK8sConfiguration("authentication method not supported")
        return client.CloudCredential(auth_type=auth_type, attrs=attrs)

    async def add_cloud(
        self,
        name: str,
        cloud: Cloud,
        credential: CloudCredential = None,
        credential_name: str = None,
    ) -> Cloud:
        """
        Add cloud to the controller

        :param: name:               Name of the cloud to be added
        :param: cloud:              Cloud object
        :param: credential:         CloudCredentials object for the cloud
        :param: credential_name:    Credential name.
                                    If not defined, cloud of the name will be used.
        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            _ = await controller.add_cloud(name, cloud)
            if credential:
                await controller.add_credential(
                    credential_name or name, credential=credential, cloud=name
                )
            # Need to return the object returned by the controller.add_cloud() function
            # I'm returning the original value now until this bug is fixed:
            #   https://github.com/juju/python-libjuju/issues/443
            return cloud
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    async def remove_cloud(self, name: str):
        """
        Remove cloud

        :param: name:   Name of the cloud to be removed
        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            await controller.remove_cloud(name)
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)

    @retry(attempts=20, delay=5, fallback=JujuLeaderUnitNotFound())
    async def _get_leader_unit(self, application: Application) -> Unit:
        unit = None
        for u in application.units:
            if await u.is_leader_from_status():
                unit = u
                break
        if not unit:
            raise Exception()
        return unit

    async def get_cloud_credentials(self, cloud: Cloud) -> typing.List:
        """
        Get cloud credentials

        :param: cloud: Cloud object. The returned credentials will be from this cloud.

        :return: List of credentials object associated to the specified cloud

        """
        controller = await self.get_controller()
        try:
            facade = client.CloudFacade.from_connection(controller.connection())
            cloud_cred_tag = tag.credential(
                cloud.name, self.vca_connection.data.user, cloud.credential_name
            )
            params = [client.Entity(cloud_cred_tag)]
            return (await facade.Credential(params)).results
        finally:
            await self.disconnect_controller(controller)