Merge upstream libjuju
[osm/N2VC.git] / tests / base.py
index a02ab7e..3ae5f4f 100644 (file)
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 import asyncio
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 import asyncio
-import functools
-
+import datetime
 import logging
 import n2vc.vnf
 import pylxd
 import pytest
 import os
 import shlex
 import logging
 import n2vc.vnf
 import pylxd
 import pytest
 import os
 import shlex
-import shutil
 import subprocess
 import subprocess
-import tempfile
 import time
 import uuid
 import yaml
 import time
 import uuid
 import yaml
@@ -28,8 +25,7 @@ here = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
 def is_bootstrapped():
     result = subprocess.run(['juju', 'switch'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     return (
 def is_bootstrapped():
     result = subprocess.run(['juju', 'switch'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     return (
-        result.returncode == 0 and
-        len(result.stdout.decode().strip()) > 0)
+        result.returncode == 0 and len(result.stdout.decode().strip()) > 0)
 
 
 bootstrapped = pytest.mark.skipif(
 
 
 bootstrapped = pytest.mark.skipif(
@@ -57,6 +53,22 @@ class CleanController():
         await self._controller.disconnect()
 
 
         await self._controller.disconnect()
 
 
+def debug(msg):
+    """Format debug messages in a consistent way."""
+    now = datetime.datetime.now()
+
+    # TODO: Decide on the best way to log. Output from `logging.debug` shows up
+    # when a test fails, but print() will always show up when running tox with
+    # `-s`, which is really useful for debugging single tests without having to
+    # insert a False assert to see the log.
+    logging.debug(
+        "[{}] {}".format(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'), msg)
+    )
+    print(
+        "[{}] {}".format(now.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'), msg)
+    )
+
+
 def get_charm_path():
     return "{}/charms".format(here)
 
 def get_charm_path():
     return "{}/charms".format(here)
 
@@ -65,20 +77,6 @@ def get_layer_path():
     return "{}/charms/layers".format(here)
 
 
     return "{}/charms/layers".format(here)
 
 
-def parse_metrics(application, results):
-    """Parse the returned metrics into a dict."""
-
-    # We'll receive the results for all units, to look for the one we want
-    # Caveat: we're grabbing results from the first unit of the application,
-    # which is enough for testing, since we're only deploying a single unit.
-    retval = {}
-    for unit in results:
-        if unit.startswith(application):
-            for result in results[unit]:
-                retval[result['key']] = result['value']
-    return retval
-
-
 def collect_metrics(application):
     """Invoke Juju's metrics collector.
 
 def collect_metrics(application):
     """Invoke Juju's metrics collector.
 
@@ -125,8 +123,6 @@ def get_n2vc(loop=None):
     log = logging.getLogger()
     log.level = logging.DEBUG
 
     log = logging.getLogger()
     log.level = logging.DEBUG
 
-    # Running under tox/pytest makes getting env variables harder.
-
     # Extract parameters from the environment in order to run our test
     vca_host = os.getenv('VCA_HOST', '127.0.0.1')
     vca_port = os.getenv('VCA_PORT', 17070)
     # Extract parameters from the environment in order to run our test
     vca_host = os.getenv('VCA_HOST', '127.0.0.1')
     vca_port = os.getenv('VCA_PORT', 17070)
@@ -166,42 +162,51 @@ def create_lxd_container(public_key=None, name="test_name"):
         name,
     )
 
         name,
     )
 
-    private_key_path, public_key_path = find_juju_ssh_keys()
-
-    # create profile w/cloud-init and juju ssh key
-    if not public_key:
-        public_key = ""
-        with open(public_key_path, "r") as f:
-            public_key = f.readline()
-
-    client.profiles.create(
-        test_machine,
-        config={
-            'user.user-data': '#cloud-config\nssh_authorized_keys:\n- {}'.format(public_key)},
-        devices={
-            'root': {'path': '/', 'pool': 'default', 'type': 'disk'},
-            'eth0': {
-                'nictype': 'bridged',
-                'parent': 'lxdbr0',
-                'type': 'nic'
+    private_key_path, public_key_path = find_n2vc_ssh_keys()
+
+    try:
+        # create profile w/cloud-init and juju ssh key
+        if not public_key:
+            public_key = ""
+            with open(public_key_path, "r") as f:
+                public_key = f.readline()
+
+        client.profiles.create(
+            test_machine,
+            config={
+                'user.user-data': '#cloud-config\nssh_authorized_keys:\n- {}'.format(public_key)},
+            devices={
+                'root': {'path': '/', 'pool': 'default', 'type': 'disk'},
+                'eth0': {
+                    'nictype': 'bridged',
+                    'parent': 'lxdbr0',
+                    'type': 'nic'
+                }
             }
             }
-        }
-    )
+        )
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug("Error creating lxd profile {}: {}".format(test_machine, ex))
+        raise ex
 
 
-    # create lxc machine
-    config = {
-        'name': test_machine,
-        'source': {
-            'type': 'image',
-            'alias': 'xenial',
-            'mode': 'pull',
-            'protocol': 'simplestreams',
-            'server': 'https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/releases',
-        },
-        'profiles': [test_machine],
-    }
-    container = client.containers.create(config, wait=True)
-    container.start(wait=True)
+    try:
+        # create lxc machine
+        config = {
+            'name': test_machine,
+            'source': {
+                'type': 'image',
+                'alias': 'xenial',
+                'mode': 'pull',
+                'protocol': 'simplestreams',
+                'server': 'https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/releases',
+            },
+            'profiles': [test_machine],
+        }
+        container = client.containers.create(config, wait=True)
+        container.start(wait=True)
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug("Error creating lxd container {}: {}".format(test_machine, ex))
+        # This is a test-ending failure.
+        raise ex
 
     def wait_for_network(container, timeout=30):
         """Wait for eth0 to have an ipv4 address."""
 
     def wait_for_network(container, timeout=30):
         """Wait for eth0 to have an ipv4 address."""
@@ -215,20 +220,47 @@ def create_lxd_container(public_key=None, name="test_name"):
                         return addresses[0]
         return None
 
                         return addresses[0]
         return None
 
-    wait_for_network(container)
+    try:
+        wait_for_network(container)
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug(
+            "Error waiting for container {} network: {}".format(
+                test_machine,
+                ex,
+            )
+        )
 
     # HACK: We need to give sshd a chance to bind to the interface,
     # and pylxd's container.execute seems to be broken and fails and/or
     # hangs trying to properly check if the service is up.
 
     # HACK: We need to give sshd a chance to bind to the interface,
     # and pylxd's container.execute seems to be broken and fails and/or
     # hangs trying to properly check if the service is up.
-    time.sleep(5)
-    client = None
+    (exit_code, stdout, stderr) = container.execute([
+        'ping',
+        '-c', '5',   # Wait for 5 ECHO_REPLY
+        '8.8.8.8',   # Ping Google's public DNS
+        '-W', '15',  # Set a 15 second deadline
+    ])
+    if exit_code > 0:
+        # The network failed
+        raise Exception("Unable to verify container network")
 
     return container
 
 
 def destroy_lxd_container(container):
 
     return container
 
 
 def destroy_lxd_container(container):
-    """Stop and delete a LXD container."""
+    """Stop and delete a LXD container.
+
+    Sometimes we see errors talking to LXD -- ephemerial issues like
+    load or a bug that's killed the API. We'll do our best to clean
+    up here, and we should run a cleanup after all tests are finished
+    to remove any extra containers and profiles belonging to us.
+    """
+
+    if type(container) is bool:
+        return
+
     name = container.name
     name = container.name
+    debug("Destroying container {}".format(name))
+
     client = get_lxd_client()
 
     def wait_for_stop(timeout=30):
     client = get_lxd_client()
 
     def wait_for_stop(timeout=30):
@@ -246,16 +278,40 @@ def destroy_lxd_container(container):
             if client.containers.exists(name) is False:
                 return
 
             if client.containers.exists(name) is False:
                 return
 
-    container.stop(wait=False)
-    wait_for_stop()
+    try:
+        container.stop(wait=False)
+        wait_for_stop()
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug(
+            "Error stopping container {}: {}".format(
+                name,
+                ex,
+            )
+        )
 
 
-    container.delete(wait=False)
-    wait_for_delete()
+    try:
+        container.delete(wait=False)
+        wait_for_delete()
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug(
+            "Error deleting container {}: {}".format(
+                name,
+                ex,
+            )
+        )
 
 
-    # Delete the profile created for this container
-    profile = client.profiles.get(name)
-    if profile:
-        profile.delete()
+    try:
+        # Delete the profile created for this container
+        profile = client.profiles.get(name)
+        if profile:
+            profile.delete()
+    except Exception as ex:
+        debug(
+            "Error deleting profile {}: {}".format(
+                name,
+                ex,
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def find_lxd_config():
 
 
 def find_lxd_config():
@@ -273,6 +329,21 @@ def find_lxd_config():
     return (None, None)
 
 
     return (None, None)
 
 
+def find_n2vc_ssh_keys():
+    """Find the N2VC ssh keys."""
+
+    paths = []
+    paths.append(os.path.expanduser("~/.ssh/"))
+
+    for path in paths:
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            private = os.path.expanduser("{}/id_n2vc_rsa".format(path))
+            public = os.path.expanduser("{}/id_n2vc_rsa.pub".format(path))
+            if os.path.exists(private) and os.path.exists(public):
+                return (private, public)
+    return (None, None)
+
+
 def find_juju_ssh_keys():
     """Find the Juju ssh keys."""
 
 def find_juju_ssh_keys():
     """Find the Juju ssh keys."""
 
@@ -307,6 +378,7 @@ def get_lxd_client(host="127.0.0.1", port="8443", verify=False):
 
     return client
 
 
     return client
 
+
 # TODO: This is marked serial but can be run in parallel with work, including:
 # - Fixing an event loop issue; seems that all tests stop when one test stops?
 
 # TODO: This is marked serial but can be run in parallel with work, including:
 # - Fixing an event loop issue; seems that all tests stop when one test stops?
 
@@ -321,13 +393,36 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
     We need to have a flag (instance variable) that controls this behavior. It may be necessary to skip validation and run against a descriptor implementing features that have not yet been released in the Information Model.
     """
 
     We need to have a flag (instance variable) that controls this behavior. It may be necessary to skip validation and run against a descriptor implementing features that have not yet been released in the Information Model.
     """
 
+    """
+    The six phases of integration testing, for the test itself and each charm?:
+
+    setup/teardown_class:
+    1. Prepare      - Verify the environment and create a new model
+    2. Deploy       - Mark the test as ready to execute
+    3. Configure    - Configuration to reach Active state
+    4. Test         - Execute primitive(s) to verify success
+    5. Collect      - Collect any useful artifacts for debugging (charm, logs)
+    6. Destroy      - Destroy the model
+
+
+    1. Prepare      - Building of charm
+    2. Deploy       - Deploying charm
+    3. Configure    - Configuration to reach Active state
+    4. Test         - Execute primitive(s) to verify success
+    5. Collect      - Collect any useful artifacts for debugging (charm, logs)
+    6. Destroy      - Destroy the charm
+
+    """
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(self):
         """ setup any state specific to the execution of the given class (which
         usually contains tests).
         """
         # Initialize instance variable(s)
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(self):
         """ setup any state specific to the execution of the given class (which
         usually contains tests).
         """
         # Initialize instance variable(s)
-        self.container = None
+        self.n2vc = None
+
+        # Track internal state for each test run
+        self.state = {}
 
         # Parse the test's descriptors
         self.nsd = get_descriptor(self.NSD_YAML)
 
         # Parse the test's descriptors
         self.nsd = get_descriptor(self.NSD_YAML)
@@ -351,35 +446,93 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
         # to pytest. Test(s) should wait for this flag to change to False
         # before returning.
         self._running = True
         # to pytest. Test(s) should wait for this flag to change to False
         # before returning.
         self._running = True
+        self._stopping = False
 
     @classmethod
     def teardown_class(self):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a call to
         setup_class.
         """
 
     @classmethod
     def teardown_class(self):
         """ teardown any state that was previously setup with a call to
         setup_class.
         """
-        if self.container:
-            destroy_lxd_container(self.container)
+        debug("Running teardown_class...")
+        try:
+
+            debug("Destroying LXD containers...")
+            for application in self.state:
+                if self.state[application]['container']:
+                    destroy_lxd_container(self.state[application]['container'])
+            debug("Destroying LXD containers...done.")
+
+            # Logout of N2VC
+            if self.n2vc:
+                debug("teardown_class(): Logging out of N2VC...")
+                yield from self.n2vc.logout()
+                debug("teardown_class(): Logging out of N2VC...done.")
+
+            debug("Running teardown_class...done.")
+        except Exception as ex:
+            debug("Exception in teardown_class: {}".format(ex))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_charms_active(self):
+        """Determine if the all deployed charms are active."""
+        active = 0
 
 
-        # Clean up any artifacts created during the test
-        logging.debug("Artifacts: {}".format(self.artifacts))
-        for charm in self.artifacts:
-            artifact = self.artifacts[charm]
-            if os.path.exists(artifact['tmpdir']):
-                logging.debug("Removing directory '{}'".format(artifact))
-                shutil.rmtree(artifact['tmpdir'])
+        for application in self.state:
+            if 'status' in self.state[application]:
+                debug("status of {} is '{}'".format(
+                    application,
+                    self.state[application]['status'],
+                ))
+                if self.state[application]['status'] == 'active':
+                    active += 1
+
+        debug("Active charms: {}/{}".format(
+            active,
+            len(self.charms),
+        ))
 
 
-        # Logout of N2VC
-        asyncio.ensure_future(self.n2vc.logout())
+        if active == len(self.charms):
+            return True
+
+        return False
 
     @classmethod
 
     @classmethod
-    def running(self, timeout=600):
+    def are_tests_finished(self):
+        appcount = len(self.state)
+
+        # If we don't have state yet, keep running.
+        if appcount == 0:
+            debug("No applications")
+            return False
+
+        if self._stopping:
+            debug("_stopping is True")
+            return True
+
+        appdone = 0
+        for application in self.state:
+            if self.state[application]['done']:
+                appdone += 1
+
+        debug("{}/{} charms tested".format(appdone, appcount))
+
+        if appcount == appdone:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def running(self, timeout=600):
         """Returns if the test is still running.
 
         @param timeout The time, in seconds, to wait for the test to complete.
         """
         """Returns if the test is still running.
 
         @param timeout The time, in seconds, to wait for the test to complete.
         """
+        if self.are_tests_finished():
+            await self.stop()
+            return False
+
+        await asyncio.sleep(30)
 
 
-        # if start + now > start > timeout:
-        # self.stop_test()
         return self._running
 
     @classmethod
         return self._running
 
     @classmethod
@@ -396,31 +549,36 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
         # Make sure the charm snap is installed
         try:
             subprocess.check_call(['which', 'charm'])
         # Make sure the charm snap is installed
         try:
             subprocess.check_call(['which', 'charm'])
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
             raise Exception("charm snap not installed.")
 
         if charm not in self.artifacts:
             try:
             raise Exception("charm snap not installed.")
 
         if charm not in self.artifacts:
             try:
-                # Note: This builds the charm under N2VC/tests/charms/
-                # The snap-installed command only has write access to the users $HOME
-                # so writing to /tmp isn't possible at the moment.
-                builds = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=get_charm_path())
-
-                cmd = "charm build {}/{} -o {}/".format(
-                    get_layer_path(),
-                    charm,
-                    builds,
-                )
-                logging.debug(cmd)
-
-                subprocess.check_call(shlex.split(cmd))
+                # Note: This builds the charm under N2VC/tests/charms/builds/
+                # Currently, the snap-installed command only has write access
+                # to the $HOME (changing in an upcoming release) so writing to
+                # /tmp isn't possible at the moment.
+                builds = get_charm_path()
+
+                if not os.path.exists("{}/builds/{}".format(builds, charm)):
+                    cmd = "charm build --no-local-layers {}/{} -o {}/".format(
+                        get_layer_path(),
+                        charm,
+                        builds,
+                    )
+                    subprocess.check_call(shlex.split(cmd))
 
 
-                self.artifacts[charm] = {
-                    'tmpdir': builds,
-                    'charm': "{}/builds/{}".format(builds, charm),
-                }
             except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
             except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
-                raise Exception("charm build failed: {}.".format(e))
+                # charm build will return error code 100 if the charm fails
+                # the auto-run of charm proof, which we can safely ignore for
+                # our CI charms.
+                if e.returncode != 100:
+                    raise Exception("charm build failed: {}.".format(e))
+
+            self.artifacts[charm] = {
+                'tmpdir': builds,
+                'charm': "{}/builds/{}".format(builds, charm),
+            }
 
         return self.artifacts[charm]['charm']
 
 
         return self.artifacts[charm]['charm']
 
@@ -430,23 +588,57 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
         either a vdu or vnf.
         """
 
         either a vdu or vnf.
         """
 
-        self.n2vc = get_n2vc(loop=loop)
+        if not self.n2vc:
+            self.n2vc = get_n2vc(loop=loop)
+
+        debug("Creating model for Network Service {}".format(self.ns_name))
+        await self.n2vc.CreateNetworkService(self.ns_name)
 
 
-        vnf_name = self.n2vc.FormatApplicationName(
+        application = self.n2vc.FormatApplicationName(
             self.ns_name,
             self.vnf_name,
             str(vnf_index),
         )
             self.ns_name,
             self.vnf_name,
             str(vnf_index),
         )
-        logging.debug("Deploying charm at {}".format(self.artifacts[charm]))
+
+        # Initialize the state of the application
+        self.state[application] = {
+            'status': None,     # Juju status
+            'container': None,  # lxd container, for proxy charms
+            'actions': {},      # Actions we've executed
+            'done': False,      # Are we done testing this charm?
+            'phase': "deploy",  # What phase is this application in?
+        }
+
+        debug("Deploying charm at {}".format(self.artifacts[charm]))
+
+        # If this is a native charm, we need to provision the underlying
+        # machine ala an LXC container.
+        machine_spec = {}
+
+        if not self.isproxy(application):
+            debug("Creating container for native charm")
+            # args = ("default", application, None, None)
+            self.state[application]['container'] = create_lxd_container(
+                name=os.path.basename(__file__)
+            )
+
+            hostname = self.get_container_ip(
+                self.state[application]['container'],
+            )
+
+            machine_spec = {
+                'host': hostname,
+                'user': 'ubuntu',
+            }
 
         await self.n2vc.DeployCharms(
             self.ns_name,
 
         await self.n2vc.DeployCharms(
             self.ns_name,
-            vnf_name,
+            application,
             self.vnfd,
             self.get_charm(charm),
             params,
             self.vnfd,
             self.get_charm(charm),
             params,
-            {},
-            self.n2vc_callback
+            machine_spec,
+            self.n2vc_callback,
         )
 
     @classmethod
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -462,7 +654,6 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
             'vnf-member-index': 1,
             'vnf-name': '',
             'charm-name': '',
             'vnf-member-index': 1,
             'vnf-name': '',
             'charm-name': '',
-
             'initial-config-primitive': {},
             'config-primitive': {}
         ]
             'initial-config-primitive': {},
             'config-primitive': {}
         ]
@@ -527,7 +718,7 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
         assert 'proxy' in self.charms[application_name]
         assert type(self.charms[application_name]['proxy']) is bool
 
         assert 'proxy' in self.charms[application_name]
         assert type(self.charms[application_name]['proxy']) is bool
 
-        # logging.debug(self.charms[application_name])
+        # debug(self.charms[application_name])
         return self.charms[application_name]['proxy']
 
     @classmethod
         return self.charms[application_name]['proxy']
 
     @classmethod
@@ -572,48 +763,186 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
 
         return charms.keys()
 
 
         return charms.keys()
 
+    @classmethod
+    def get_phase(self, application):
+        return self.state[application]['phase']
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_phase(self, application, phase):
+        self.state[application]['phase'] = phase
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def configure_proxy_charm(self, *args):
+        """Configure a container for use via ssh."""
+        (model, application, _, _) = args
+
+        try:
+            if self.get_phase(application) == "deploy":
+                self.set_phase(application, "configure")
+
+                debug("Start CreateContainer for {}".format(application))
+                self.state[application]['container'] = \
+                    await self.CreateContainer(*args)
+                debug("Done CreateContainer for {}".format(application))
+
+                if self.state[application]['container']:
+                    debug("Configure {} for container".format(application))
+                    if await self.configure_ssh_proxy(application):
+                        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+                        return True
+                else:
+                    debug("Failed to configure container for {}".format(application))
+            else:
+                debug("skipping CreateContainer for {}: {}".format(
+                    application,
+                    self.get_phase(application),
+                ))
+
+        except Exception as ex:
+            debug("configure_proxy_charm exception: {}".format(ex))
+        finally:
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def execute_charm_tests(self, *args):
+        (model, application, _, _) = args
+
+        debug("Executing charm test(s) for {}".format(application))
+
+        if self.state[application]['done']:
+            debug("Trying to execute tests against finished charm...aborting")
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            phase = self.get_phase(application)
+            # We enter the test phase when after deploy (for native charms) or
+            # configure, for proxy charms.
+            if phase in ["deploy", "configure"]:
+                self.set_phase(application, "test")
+                if self.are_tests_finished():
+                    raise Exception("Trying to execute init-config on finished test")
+
+                if await self.execute_initial_config_primitives(application):
+                    # check for metrics
+                    await self.check_metrics(application)
+
+                    debug("Done testing {}".format(application))
+                    self.state[application]['done'] = True
+
+        except Exception as ex:
+            debug("Exception in execute_charm_tests: {}".format(ex))
+        finally:
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+        return True
+
     @classmethod
     async def CreateContainer(self, *args):
         """Create a LXD container for use with a proxy charm.abs
 
         1. Get the public key from the charm via `get-ssh-public-key` action
         2. Create container with said key injected for the ubuntu user
     @classmethod
     async def CreateContainer(self, *args):
         """Create a LXD container for use with a proxy charm.abs
 
         1. Get the public key from the charm via `get-ssh-public-key` action
         2. Create container with said key injected for the ubuntu user
-        """
-        if self.container is None:
-            # logging.debug("CreateContainer called.")
 
 
-            # HACK: Set this so the n2vc_callback knows
-            # there's a container being created
-            self.container = True
+        Returns a Container object
+        """
+        # Create and configure a LXD container for use with a proxy charm.
+        (model, application, _, _) = args
 
 
-            # Create and configure a LXD container for use with a proxy charm.
-            (model_name, application_name, _, _) = args
+        debug("[CreateContainer] {}".format(args))
+        container = None
 
 
+        try:
             # Execute 'get-ssh-public-key' primitive and get returned value
             uuid = await self.n2vc.ExecutePrimitive(
             # Execute 'get-ssh-public-key' primitive and get returned value
             uuid = await self.n2vc.ExecutePrimitive(
-                model_name,
-                application_name,
+                model,
+                application,
                 "get-ssh-public-key",
                 None,
             )
                 "get-ssh-public-key",
                 None,
             )
-            # logging.debug("Action UUID: {}".format(uuid))
-            result = await self.n2vc.GetPrimitiveOutput(model_name, uuid)
-            # logging.debug("Action result: {}".format(result))
+
+            result = await self.n2vc.GetPrimitiveOutput(model, uuid)
             pubkey = result['pubkey']
 
             pubkey = result['pubkey']
 
-            self.container = create_lxd_container(
+            container = create_lxd_container(
                 public_key=pubkey,
                 name=os.path.basename(__file__)
             )
 
                 public_key=pubkey,
                 name=os.path.basename(__file__)
             )
 
-        return self.container
+            return container
+        except Exception as ex:
+            debug("Error creating container: {}".format(ex))
+            pass
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def stop(self):
+        """Stop the test.
+
+        - Remove charms
+        - Stop and delete containers
+        - Logout of N2VC
+
+        TODO: Clean up duplicate code between teardown_class() and stop()
+        """
+        debug("stop() called")
+
+        if self.n2vc and self._running and not self._stopping:
+            self._running = False
+            self._stopping = True
+
+            for application in self.charms:
+                try:
+                    await self.n2vc.RemoveCharms(self.ns_name, application)
+
+                    await self.n2vc.DestroyNetworkService(self.ns_name)
+
+                    while True:
+                        # Wait for the application to be removed
+                        await asyncio.sleep(10)
+                        if not await self.n2vc.HasApplication(
+                            self.ns_name,
+                            application,
+                        ):
+                            break
+                    await self.n2vc.DestroyNetworkService(self.ns_name)
+
+                    # Need to wait for the charm to finish, because native charms
+                    if self.state[application]['container']:
+                        debug("Deleting LXD container...")
+                        destroy_lxd_container(
+                            self.state[application]['container']
+                        )
+                        self.state[application]['container'] = None
+                        debug("Deleting LXD container...done.")
+                    else:
+                        debug("No container found for {}".format(application))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    debug("Error while deleting container: {}".format(e))
+
+            # Logout of N2VC
+            try:
+                debug("stop(): Logging out of N2VC...")
+                await self.n2vc.logout()
+                self.n2vc = None
+                debug("stop(): Logging out of N2VC...Done.")
+            except Exception as ex:
+                debug(ex)
+
+            # Let the test know we're finished.
+            debug("Marking test as finished.")
+            # self._running = False
+        else:
+            debug("Skipping stop()")
 
     @classmethod
 
     @classmethod
-    def get_container_ip(self):
+    def get_container_ip(self, container):
         """Return the IPv4 address of container's eth0 interface."""
         ipaddr = None
         """Return the IPv4 address of container's eth0 interface."""
         ipaddr = None
-        if self.container:
-            addresses = self.container.state().network['eth0']['addresses']
+        if container:
+            addresses = container.state().network['eth0']['addresses']
             # The interface may have more than one address, but we only need
             # the first one for testing purposes.
             ipaddr = addresses[0]['address']
             # The interface may have more than one address, but we only need
             # the first one for testing purposes.
             ipaddr = addresses[0]['address']
@@ -621,104 +950,53 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
         return ipaddr
 
     @classmethod
         return ipaddr
 
     @classmethod
-    def n2vc_callback(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Monitor and react to changes in the charm state.
-
-        This is where we will monitor the state of the charm:
-        - is it active?
-        - is it in error?
-        - is it waiting on input to continue?
-
-        When the state changes, we respond appropriately:
-        - configuring ssh credentials for a proxy charm
-        - running a service primitive
-
-        Lastly, when the test has finished we begin the teardown, removing the
-        charm and associated LXD container, and notify pytest that this test
-        is over.
-
-        Args are expected to contain four values, received from N2VC:
-        - str, the name of the model
-        - str, the name of the application
-        - str, the workload status as reported by Juju
-        - str, the workload message as reported by Juju
-        """
-        (model, application, status, message) = args
-        # logging.debug("Callback for {}/{} - {} ({})".format(
-        #     model,
-        #     application,
-        #     status,
-        #     message
-        # ))
-
-        # Make sure we're only receiving valid status. This will catch charms
-        # that aren't setting their workload state and appear as "unknown"
-        # assert status not in ["active", "blocked", "waiting", "maintenance"]
-
-        task = None
-        if kwargs and 'task' in kwargs:
-            task = kwargs['task']
-            # logging.debug("Got task: {}".format(task))
-
-        # Closures and inner functions, oh my.
-        def is_active():
-            """Is the charm in an active state?"""
-            if status in ["active"]:
-                return True
-            return False
-
-        def is_blocked():
-            """Is the charm waiting for us?"""
-            if status in ["blocked"]:
-                return True
-            return False
+    async def configure_ssh_proxy(self, application, task=None):
+        """Configure the proxy charm to use the lxd container.
 
 
-        def configure_ssh_proxy(task):
-            """Configure the proxy charm to use the lxd container."""
-            logging.debug("configure_ssh_proxy({})".format(task))
-
-            mgmtaddr = self.get_container_ip()
+        Configure the charm to use a LXD container as it's VNF.
+        """
+        debug("Configuring ssh proxy for {}".format(application))
 
 
-            logging.debug(
-                "Setting config ssh-hostname={}".format(mgmtaddr)
-            )
+        mgmtaddr = self.get_container_ip(
+            self.state[application]['container'],
+        )
 
 
-            task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                self.n2vc.ExecutePrimitive(
-                    model,
-                    application,
-                    "config",
-                    None,
-                    params={
-                        'ssh-hostname': mgmtaddr,
-                        'ssh-username': 'ubuntu',
-                    }
-                )
+        debug(
+            "Setting ssh-hostname for {} to {}".format(
+                application,
+                mgmtaddr,
             )
             )
+        )
 
 
-            # Execute the VNFD's 'initial-config-primitive'
-            task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(
-                execute_initial_config_primitives,
-            ))
+        await self.n2vc.ExecutePrimitive(
+            self.ns_name,
+            application,
+            "config",
+            None,
+            params={
+                'ssh-hostname': mgmtaddr,
+                'ssh-username': 'ubuntu',
+            }
+        )
 
 
-        def execute_initial_config_primitives(task=None):
-            logging.debug("execute_initial_config_primitives({})".format(task))
+        return True
 
 
+    @classmethod
+    async def execute_initial_config_primitives(self, application, task=None):
+        debug("Executing initial_config_primitives for {}".format(application))
+        try:
             init_config = self.charms[application]
 
             """
             The initial-config-primitive is run during deploy but may fail
              on some steps because proxy charm access isn't configured.
 
             init_config = self.charms[application]
 
             """
             The initial-config-primitive is run during deploy but may fail
              on some steps because proxy charm access isn't configured.
 
-            At this stage, we'll re-run those actions.
+            Re-run those actions so we can inspect the status.
             """
             """
-
-            task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                self.n2vc.ExecuteInitialPrimitives(
-                    model,
-                    application,
-                    init_config,
-                )
+            uuids = await self.n2vc.ExecuteInitialPrimitives(
+                self.ns_name,
+                application,
+                init_config,
             )
 
             """
             )
 
             """
@@ -726,174 +1004,130 @@ class TestN2VC(object):
              status of each. The test continues if all Actions succeed, and
              fails if any of them fail.
             """
              status of each. The test continues if all Actions succeed, and
              fails if any of them fail.
             """
-            task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(wait_for_uuids))
+            await self.wait_for_uuids(application, uuids)
+            debug("Primitives for {} finished.".format(application))
 
 
-        def check_metrics():
-            task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                self.n2vc.GetMetrics(
-                    model,
-                    application,
-                )
-            )
+            return True
+        except Exception as ex:
+            debug("execute_initial_config_primitives exception: {}".format(ex))
 
 
-            task.add_done_callback(
-                functools.partial(
-                    verify_metrics,
-                )
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def check_metrics(self, application, task=None):
+        """Check and run metrics, if present.
+
+        Checks to see if metrics are specified by the charm. If so, collects
+        the metrics.
+
+        If no metrics, then mark the test as finished.
+        """
+        if has_metrics(self.charms[application]['name']):
+            debug("Collecting metrics for {}".format(application))
+
+            metrics = await self.n2vc.GetMetrics(
+                self.ns_name,
+                application,
             )
 
             )
 
-        def verify_metrics(task):
-            logging.debug("Verifying metrics!")
-            # Check if task returned metrics
-            results = task.result()
+            return await self.verify_metrics(application, metrics)
 
 
-            metrics = parse_metrics(application, results)
-            logging.debug(metrics)
+    @classmethod
+    async def verify_metrics(self, application, metrics):
+        """Verify the charm's metrics.
 
 
-            if len(metrics):
-                task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                    self.n2vc.RemoveCharms(model, application)
-                )
+        Verify that the charm has sent metrics successfully.
 
 
-                task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(stop_test))
+        Stops the test when finished.
+        """
+        debug("Verifying metrics for {}: {}".format(application, metrics))
 
 
-            else:
-                # TODO: Ran into a case where it took 9 attempts before metrics
-                # were available; the controller is slow sometimes.
-                time.sleep(60)
-                check_metrics()
-
-        def wait_for_uuids(task):
-            logging.debug("wait_for_uuids({})".format(task))
-            uuids = task.result()
-
-            waitfor = len(uuids)
-            finished = 0
-
-            def get_primitive_result(uuid, task):
-                logging.debug("Got result from action")
-                # completed, failed, or running
-                result = task.result()
-
-                if status in result and result['status'] \
-                   in ["completed", "failed"]:
-
-                    # It's over
-                    logging.debug("Action {} is {}".format(
-                        uuid,
-                        task.result['status'])
-                    )
-                    pass
-                else:
-                    logging.debug("action is still running")
+        if len(metrics):
+            return True
 
 
-            def get_primitive_status(uuid, task):
-                result = task.result()
+        else:
+            # TODO: Ran into a case where it took 9 attempts before metrics
+            # were available; the controller is slow sometimes.
+            await asyncio.sleep(30)
+            return await self.check_metrics(application)
 
 
-                if result == "completed":
-                    # Make sure all primitives are finished
-                    global finished
-                    finished += 1
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_for_uuids(self, application, uuids):
+        """Wait for primitives to execute.
 
 
-                    if waitfor == finished:
-                        # logging.debug("Action complete; removing charm")
-                        task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                            self.n2vc.RemoveCharms(model, application)
-                        )
+        The task will provide a list of uuids representing primitives that are
+        queued to run.
+        """
+        debug("Waiting for uuids for {}: {}".format(application, uuids))
+        waitfor = len(uuids)
+        finished = 0
 
 
-                        task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(stop_test))
-                elif result == "failed":
-                    # logging.debug("Action failed; removing charm")
-                    assert False
-                    self._running = False
-                    return
-                else:
-                    # logging.debug("action is still running: {}".format(result))
-                    # logging.debug(result)
-                    # pass
-                    # The primitive is running; try again.
-                    task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                        self.n2vc.GetPrimitiveStatus(model, uuid)
-                    )
-                    task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(
-                        get_primitive_result,
-                        uuid,
-                    ))
-
-            for actionid in uuids:
-                task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                    self.n2vc.GetPrimitiveStatus(model, actionid)
-                )
-                task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(
-                    get_primitive_result,
-                    actionid,
-                ))
+        while waitfor > finished:
+            for uid in uuids:
+                await asyncio.sleep(10)
 
 
-        def stop_test(task):
-            """Stop the test.
+                if uuid not in self.state[application]['actions']:
+                    self.state[application]['actions'][uid] = "pending"
 
 
-            When the test has either succeeded or reached a failing state,
-            begin the process of removing the test fixtures.
-            """
-            asyncio.ensure_future(
-                self.n2vc.RemoveCharms(model, application)
-            )
+                status = self.state[application]['actions'][uid]
 
 
-            self._running = False
+                # Have we already marked this as done?
+                if status in ["pending", "running"]:
 
 
-        if is_blocked():
-            # logging.debug("Charm is in a blocked state!")
+                    debug("Getting status of {} ({})...".format(uid, status))
+                    status = await self.n2vc.GetPrimitiveStatus(
+                        self.ns_name,
+                        uid,
+                    )
+                    debug("...state of {} is {}".format(uid, status))
+                    self.state[application]['actions'][uid] = status
 
 
-            # Container only applies to proxy charms.
-            if self.isproxy(application):
+                    if status in ['completed', 'failed']:
+                        finished += 1
 
 
-                if self.container is None:
-                    # logging.debug(
-                    #     "Ensuring CreateContainer: status is {}".format(status)
-                    # )
+            debug("{}/{} actions complete".format(finished, waitfor))
 
 
-                    # Create the new LXD container
-                    task = asyncio.ensure_future(self.CreateContainer(*args))
+            # Wait for the primitive to finish and try again
+            if waitfor > finished:
+                debug("Waiting 10s for action to finish...")
+                await asyncio.sleep(10)
 
 
-                    # Configure the proxy charm to use the container when ready
-                    task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(
-                        configure_ssh_proxy,
-                    ))
+    @classmethod
+    def n2vc_callback(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        (model, application, status, message) = args
+        # debug("callback: {}".format(args))
+
+        if application not in self.state:
+            # Initialize the state of the application
+            self.state[application] = {
+                'status': None,     # Juju status
+                'container': None,  # lxd container, for proxy charms
+                'actions': {},      # Actions we've executed
+                'done': False,      # Are we done testing this charm?
+                'phase': "deploy",  # What phase is this application in?
+            }
 
 
-                    # task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(
-                    #     stop_test,
-                    # ))
-                    # create_lxd_container()
-                    # self.container = True
-            else:
-                # A charm may validly be in a blocked state if it's waiting for
-                # relations or some other kind of manual intervention
-                # logging.debug("This is not a proxy charm.")
-                # TODO: needs testing
-                task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                    execute_initial_config_primitives()
-                )
+        self.state[application]['status'] = status
 
 
-                task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(stop_test))
+        if status in ['waiting', 'maintenance', 'unknown']:
+            # Nothing to do for these
+            return
 
 
-        elif is_active():
-            # Does the charm have metrics defined?
-            if has_metrics(self.charms[application]['name']):
-                # logging.debug("metrics.yaml defined in the layer!")
+        debug("callback: {}".format(args))
 
 
-                # Force a run of the metric collector, so we don't have
-                # to wait for it's normal 5 minute interval run.
-                # NOTE: this shouldn't be done outside of CI
-                collect_metrics(application)
+        if self.state[application]['done']:
+            debug("{} is done".format(application))
+            return
 
 
-                # get the current metrics
-                check_metrics()
-            else:
-                # When the charm reaches an active state and hasn't been
-                # handled (metrics collection, etc)., the test has succeded.
-                # logging.debug("Charm is active! Removing charm...")
-                task = asyncio.ensure_future(
-                    self.n2vc.RemoveCharms(model, application)
-                )
+        if status in ["blocked"] and self.isproxy(application):
+            if self.state[application]['phase'] == "deploy":
+                debug("Configuring proxy charm for {}".format(application))
+                asyncio.ensure_future(self.configure_proxy_charm(*args))
 
 
-                task.add_done_callback(functools.partial(stop_test))
+        elif status in ["active"]:
+            """When a charm is active, we can assume that it has been properly
+            configured (not blocked), regardless of if it's a proxy or not.
+
+            All primitives should be complete by init_config_primitive
+            """
+            asyncio.ensure_future(self.execute_charm_tests(*args))