# OSM Usage

## Deploying your first Network Service

In this example we will deploy the following Network Service, consisting of two simple VNFs based on CirrOS connected by a simple VLD.

![NS with 2 CirrOS VNF](assets/500px-Cirros_2vnf_ns.png)

Before going on, download the required VNF and NS packages from this URL: <https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/examples/cirros_2vnf_ns/>

### Onboarding a VNF

The onboarding of a VNF in OSM involves adding the corresponding VNF package to the system. This process also assumes, as a pre-condition, that the corresponding VM images are available in the VIM(s) where it will be instantiated.

#### Uploading VM image(s) to the VIM(s)

In this example, only a vanilla CirrOS 0.3.4 image is need. It can be obtained from the following link: http://download.cirros-cloud.net/0.3.4/cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img

If not available, it would be required to upload the image into the VIM. Instructions differ from one VIM to another (please check the reference of your type of VIM).

For instance, this is the OpenStack command for uploading images:

```bash
openstack image create --file="./cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img" --container-format=bare --disk-format=qcow2 cirros034
```

And this one is the appropriate command in OpenVIM:

```bash
#copy your image to the NFS shared folder (e.g. /mnt/openvim-nfs)
cp ./cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img /mnt/openvim-nfs/
openvim image-create --name cirros034 --path /mnt/openvim-nfs/cirros-0.3.4-x86_64-disk.img
```

#### VNF package onboarding

- From the UI:
  - Go to Projects --> Admin --> VNF Packages (*Open List*)
  - Click on the Onboard VNFD button
  - Drag and drop the VNF package file cirros_vnf.tar.gz in the importing area.

![Onboarding a VNF](assets/600px-Vnfd_onboard_r4.png)

- From OSM client:

```bash
osm vnfd-create cirros_vnf.tar.gz
osm vnfd-list
```

### Onboarding a NS

- From the UI:
  - Go to Projects --> Admin --> NS Packages (*Open List*)
  - Click on the Onboard NSD button
  - Drag and drop the NS package file cirros_2vnf_ns.tar.gz in the importing area.

![Onboarding a NS](assets/600px-Nsd_onboard_r4.png)

- From OSM client:

```bash
osm nsd-create cirros_2vnf_ns.tar.gz
osm nsd-list
```

### Instantiating the NS

#### Instantiating a NS from the UI

- Go to Projects --> Admin --> NS Packages (*Open List*)
- Next the NS descriptor to be instantiated, click on Launch

![Instantiating a NS (assets/600px-Nsd_list.png)](assets/600px-Nsd_list.png)

- Fill in the form, adding at least a name and selecting the VIM:

![Instantiating a NS (assets/600px-New_ns.png)](assets/600px-New_ns.png)

#### Instantiating a NS from the OSM client

```bash
osm ns-create --nsd_name cirros_2vnf_ns --ns_name <ns-instance-name> --vim_account <vim-target-name>
osm ns-list
```

## Advanced instantiation: using instantiation parameters

OSM allows the parametrization of NS or NSI upon instantiation (Day-0 and Day-1), so that the user can easily decide on the key parameters of the service without any need of changing the original set of validated packages.

Thus, when creating a NS instance, it is possible to pass instantiation parameters to OSM using the `--config` option of the client or the `config` parameter of the UI. In this section we will illustrate through some of the existing examples how to specify those parameters using OSM client. Since this is one of the most powerful features of OSM, this section is intended to provide a thorough overview of this functionality with practical use cases.

### Specify a VIM network name for a NS VLD

In a generic way, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `vldnet` is the name of the network in the NS descriptor and `netVIM1` is the VIM network that you want to use:

```yaml
--config '{vld: [ {name: vldnet, vim-network-name: netVIM1} ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest1-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest1-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_nsd.tar.gz); images: [ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [creating a basic VNF and NS](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 2 - Creating a basic VNF and NS.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf1 --nsd_name hackfest1-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vld: [ {name: mgmtnet, vim-network-name: mgmt} ] }'
```

### Specify a VIM network name for an internal VLD of a VNF

In this scenario, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `"1"` is the member vnf index of the constituent vnf in the NS descriptor, `internal` is the name of `internal-vld` in the VNF descriptor and `netVIM1` is the VIM network that you want to use:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, vim-network-name: netVIM1} ] } ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf2 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account openstack1  --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, vim-network-name: mgmt} ] } ] }'
```

### Specify IP profile information and IP for a NS VLD

In a generic way, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `datanet` is the name of the network in the NS descriptor, ip-profile you have to fill the associated parameters with the data model ( [NS data model](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-doc/nsd.html#) ), and vnfd-connection-point-ref is the reference to the connection point:

```yaml
--config '{vld: [ {name: datanet, ip-profile: {...}, vnfd-connection-point-ref: {...} } ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf2 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vld: [ {name: datanet, ip-profile: {ip-version: ipv4 ,subnet-address: "192.168.100.0/24", gateway-address: "0.0.0.0", dns-server: [{address: "8.8.8.8"}],dhcp-params: {count: 100, start-address: "192.168.100.20", enabled: true}}, vnfd-connection-point-ref: [ {member-vnf-index-ref: "1", vnfd-connection-point-ref: vnf-data, ip-address: "192.168.100.17"}]}]}'
```

### Specify IP profile information for an internal VLD of a VNF

In this scenario, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `"1"` is the member vnf index of the constituent vnf in the NS descriptor, `internal` is the name of internal-vld in the VNF descriptor and ip-profile you have to fill the associated parameters with the data model ([VNF data model](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-doc/vnfd.html)):

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, ip-profile: {...} ] } ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf2 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, ip-profile:  {ip-version: ipv4 ,subnet-address: "192.168.100.0/24", gateway-address: "0.0.0.0", dns-server: [{address: "8.8.8.8"}] ,dhcp-params: {count: 100, start-address: "192.168.100.20", enabled: true}}}]}]} '
```

### Specify IP address and/or MAC address for an interface

#### Specify IP address for an interface

In this scenario, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `"1"` is the member vnf index of the constituent vnf in the NS descriptor, 'internal' is the name of internal-vld in the VNF descriptor ,ip-profile you have to fill the associated parameters with the data model ([VNF data model](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-doc/vnfd.html)), `id1` is the internal-connection-point id and `a.b.c.d` is the IP that you have to specify for this scenario:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, ip-profile: {...}, internal-connection-point: [{id-ref: id1, ip-address: "a.b.c.d"}] ] } ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
 osm ns-create --ns_name hf2 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account ost4 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal, ip-profile: {ip-version: ipv4 ,subnet-address: "192.168.100.0/24", gateway-address: "0.0.0.0", dns-server: [{address: "8.8.8.8"}] ,dhcp-params: {count: 100, start-address: "192.168.100.20", enabled: true}}, internal-connection-point: [{id-ref: mgmtVM-internal, ip-address: "192.168.100.3"}]}]}]}'
```

#### Specify MAC address for an interface

In this scenario, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `"1"` is the member vnf index of the constituent vnf in the NS descriptor, `id1` is the id of VDU in the VNF descriptor and `interf1` is the name of the interface to which you want to add the MAC address:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu: [ {id: id1, interface: [{name: interf1, mac-address: "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff" }]} ] } ] } '
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest1-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest1-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_nsd.tar.gz); images: [ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [creating a basic VNF and NS](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 2 - Creating a basic VNF and NS.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf12 --nsd_name hackfest1-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu: [ {id: hackfest1VM, interface: [{name: vdu-eth0, mac-address: "52:33:44:55:66:21"}]} ] } ] } '
```

#### Specify IP address and MAC address for an interface

In the following scenario, we will bring together the two previous cases.

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf12 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account ost4 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", internal-vld: [ {name: internal , ip-profile: {ip-version: ipv4, subnet-address: "192.168.100.0/24", gateway-address: "0.0.0.0", dns-server: [{address: "8.8.8.8"}] , dhcp-params: {count: 100, start-address: "192.168.100.20", enabled: true} }, internal-connection-point: [ {id-ref: mgmtVM-internal, ip-address: "192.168.100.3"} ] }, ], vdu: [ {id: mgmtVM, interface: [{name: mgmtVM-eth0, mac-address: "52:33:44:55:66:21"}]} ] } ] } '
```

### Force floating IP address for an interface

In a generic way, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `id1` is the name of the VDU in the VNF descriptor and `interf1` is the name of the interface:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu: [ {id: id1, interface: [{name: interf1, floating-ip-required: True }]} ] } ] } '
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf2 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu:[ {id: mgmtVM, interface: [{name: mgmtVM-eth0, floating-ip-required: True }]} ] } ] } '
```

Make sure that the target specified in `vim-network-name` of the NS Package is made available from outside to be able to use the parameter `floating-ip-required`.

### Multi-site deployments (specifying different VIM accounts for different VNFs)

In this scenario, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `"1"` and `"2"` are the member vnf index of the constituent vnfs in the NS descriptor, `vim1` and `vim2` are the names of vim accounts and `netVIM1` and `netVIM2` are the VIM networks that you want to use:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vim_account: vim1}, {member-vnf-index: "2", vim_account: vim2} ], vld: [ {name: datanet, vim-network-name: {vim1: netVIM1, vim2: netVIM2} } ] }'
 # NOTE: From release SIX (current master) add 'wim_account: False' (inside --config) to avoid wim network connectivity if you have not a WIM in your system
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest2-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest2-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_2_nsd.tar.gz); images:[ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [modeling multi-VDU VNF](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 3 - Modeling multi-VDU VNF v2.pdf)**) in the following way:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name hf12 --nsd_name hackfest2-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vim_account: openstack1}, {member-vnf-index: "2", vim_account: openstack3} ], vld: [ {name: mgmtnet, vim-network-name: {openstack1: mgmt, openstack3: mgmt} } ] }'
```

### Specifying a volume ID for a VNF volume

In a generic way, the mapping can be specified in the following way, where `VM1` is the name of the VDU, `Storage1` is the volume name in VNF descriptor and `05301095-d7ee-41dd-b520-e8ca08d18a55` is the volume id:

```yaml
--config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu: [ {id: VM1, volume: [ {name: Storage1, vim-volume-id: 05301095-d7ee-41dd-b520-e8ca08d18a55} ] } ] } ] }'
```

You can try it using one of the examples of the hackfest (**descriptors: [hackfest1-vnf](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_vnfd.tar.gz), [hackfest1-ns](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/packages/hackfest_1_nsd.tar.gz); images: [ubuntu1604](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-3.0-three/1st-hackfest/images/US1604.qcow2), presentation: [creating a basic VNF and NS](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/3rd-hackfest/presentations/20180626 OSM Hackfest - Session 2 - Creating a basic VNF and NS.pdf)**) in the following way:

With the previous hackfest example, according [VNF data model](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-doc/vnfd.html) you will add in VNF Descriptor:

```yaml
     volumes:
      - name: Storage1
        size: 'Size of the volume'
osm ns-create --ns_name h1 --nsd_name hackfest1-ns --vim_account openstack1 --config '{vnf: [ {member-vnf-index: "1", vdu: [ {id: hackfest1VM, volume: [ {name: Storage1, vim-volume-id: 8ab156fd-0f8e-4e01-b434-a0fce63ce1cf} ] } ] } ] }'
```

### Adding additional parameters

Since release SIX, additional user parameters can be added, and they land at `vdu:cloud-init` (Jinja2 format) and/or `vnf-configuration` primitives (enclosed by `<>`). Here is an example of VNF descriptor that uses two parameters called `touch_filename` and `touch_filename2`.

```yaml
vnfd:
    ...
    vnf-configuration:
        config-primitive:
        -   name: touch
            parameter:
            -   data-type: STRING
                default-value: <touch_filename2>
                name: filename
        initial-config-primitive:
        -   name: config
            parameter:
            -   name: ssh-hostname
                value: <rw_mgmt_ip>  # this parameter is internal
            -   name: ssh-username
                value: ubuntu
            -   name: ssh-password
                value: osm4u
            seq: '1'
        -   name: touch
            parameter:
            -   name: filename
                value: <touch_filename>
            seq: '2'
```

And they can be provided with:

```yaml
--config '{additionalParamsForVnf: [{member-vnf-index: "1", additionalParams: {touch_filename: your-value,  touch_filename2: your-value2}}]}'
```

## Understanding Day-1 and Day-2 Operations

TODO: Page in elaboration. Meanwhile, you can find a good explanation and examples [in this presentation](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-6.0-six/8th-hackfest/presentations/8th%20OSM%20Hackfest%20-%20Session%207.1%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Proxy%20Charms.pdf)

## Monitoring and autoscaling

### Performance Management

#### Activating VNF Metrics Collection

OSM MON features a "mon-collector" module which will collect metrics whenever specified at the descriptor level. For metrics to be collected, they have to exist first at any of these two levels:

- NFVI - made available by VIM's Telemetry System
- VNF - made available by OSM VCA (Juju Metrics)

Reference diagram:

![OSM Performance Management Reference Diagram](assets/800px-Osm_pm_rel5.png)

##### VIM Metrics

For VIM metrics to be collected, your VIM should support a Telemetry system. As of Release 5.0.5, metric collection has been tested with:

- OpenStack VIM with Keystone v3 authentication and legacy or Gnocchi-based telemetry services.
- VMware vCloud Director with vRealizeOperations.

Other VIM types will soon be added during the Release FIVE cycle.

Next step is to activate metrics collection at your VNFDs. Every metric to be collected from the VIM for each VDU has to be described both at the VDU level, and then at the VNF level. For example:

```yaml
vdu:
id: vdu1
  ...  
  monitoring-param:
        - id: metric_vdu1_cpu
          nfvi-metric: cpu_utilization
        - id: metric_vdu1_memory
          nfvi-metric: average_memory_utilization
...
monitoring-param:
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_cpu
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_cpu
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vdu-monitoring-param:
      vdu-ref: vdu1
      vdu-monitoring-param-ref: metric_vdu1_cpu
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_memory
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_memory
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vdu-monitoring-param:
      vdu-ref: vdu1
      vdu-monitoring-param-ref: metric_vdu1_memory
```

As you can see, a list of "NFVI metrics" is defined first at the VDU level, which contains an ID and the corresponding normalized metric name (in this case, `cpu_utilization` and `average_memory_utilization`) Then, at the VNF level, a list of `monitoring-params` is referred, with an ID, name, aggregation-type and their source (`vdu-monitoring-param` in this case)

###### Additional notes

- Available attributes and values can be directly explored at the [OSM Information Model](11-osm-im.md)
- A complete VNFD example can be downloaded from [here](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/packages/webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_vnfd.tar.gz).
- Normalized metric names are: `cpu_utilization`, `average_memory_utilization`, `disk_read_ops`, `disk_write_ops`, `disk_read_bytes`, `disk_write_bytes`, `packets_received`, `packets_sent`, `packets_out_dropped`, `packets_in_dropped`

###### OpenStack-specific notes

Since Rel SIX onwards, MON collects the last measure for the corresponding metric, so no further configuration is needed.

###### VMware vCD specific notes

Since REL6 onwards, MON collects all the normalized metrics, with the following exceptions:

- `packets_in_dropped` is not available and will always return 0.
- `packets_received` cannot be measured. Instead the number of bytes received for all interfaces is returned.
- `packets_sent` cannot be measured. Instead the number of bytes sent for all interfaces is returned.

The rolling average for vROPS metrics is always 5 minutes. The collection interval is also 5 minutes, and can be changed, however, it will still report the rolling average for the past 5 minutes, just updated according to the collection interval. See <https://kb.vmware.com/s/article/67792> for more information.

Although it is not recommended, if a more frequent interval is desired, the following procedure can be used to change the collection interval:

- Log into vROPS as an admin.
- Navigate to Administration and expand Configuration.
- Select Inventory Explorer.
- Expand the Adapter Instances and select vCenter Server.
- Edit the vCenter Server instance and expand the Advanced Settings.
- Edit the Collection Interval (Minutes) value and set to the desired value.
- Click OK to save the change.

##### VNF Metrics

Metrics can also be collected directly from VNFs using VCA, through the [Juju Metrics](https://docs.jujucharms.com/2.4/en/developer-metrics) framework. A simple charm containing a metrics.yaml file at its root folder specifies the metrics to be collected and the associated command.

For example, the following metrics.yaml file collects three metrics from the VNF, called 'users', 'load' and 'load_pct'

```yaml
metrics:
   users:
     type: gauge
     description: "# of users"
     command: who|wc -l
   load:
     type: gauge
     description: "5 minute load average"
     command: cat /proc/loadavg |awk '{print $1}'
   load_pct:
     type: gauge
     description: "1 minute load average percent"
     command: cat /proc/loadavg  | awk '{load_pct=$1*100.00} END {print load_pct}'
```

Please note that the granularity of this metric collection method is fixed to 5 minutes and cannot be changed at this point.

After metrics.yaml is available, there are two options for describing the metric collection in the VNFD:

###### 1) VNF-level VNF metrics

```yaml
mgmt-interface:
 cp: vdu_mgmt # is important to set the mgmt VDU or CP for metrics collection
vnf-configuration:
  initial-config-primitive:
  ...
  juju:
    charm: testmetrics
  metrics:
    - name: load 
    - name: load_pct
    - name: users  
...
monitoring-param:
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_load
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_load
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vnf-metric:
      vnf-metric-name-ref: load
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_loadpct
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_loadpct
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vnf-metric:
      vnf-metric-name-ref: load_pct
```

Additional notes:

- Available attributes and values can be directly explored at the [OSM Information Model](11-osm-im.md)
- A complete VNFD example with VNF metrics collection (VNF-level) can be downloaded from [here](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/packages/ubuntuvm_vnfmetric_autoscale_vnfd.tar.gz).

###### 2) VDU-level VNF metrics

```yaml
vdu:
- id: vdu1
  ...
  interface:
  - ...
    mgmt-interface: true ! is important to set the mgmt interface for metrics collection
    ...
  vdu-configuration:
    initial-config-primitive:
    ...
    juju:
      charm: testmetrics
    metrics:
      - name: load 
      - name: load_pct
      - name: users  
...
monitoring-param:
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_load
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_load
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vdu-metric:
      vdu-ref: vdu1
      vdu-metric-name-ref: load
-   id: metric_vim_vnf1_loadpct
    name: metric_vim_vnf1_loadpct
    aggregation-type: AVERAGE
    vdu-metric:
      vdu-ref: vdu1
      vdu-metric-name-ref: load_pct
```

Additional notes:

- Available attributes and values can be directly explored at the [OSM Information Model](11-osm-im.md)
- A complete VNFD example with VNF metrics collection (VDU-level) can be downloaded from [here](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/packages/ubuntuvm_vnfvdumetric_autoscale_vnfd.tar.gz).

As in VIM metrics, a list of "metrics" is defined first either at the VNF or VDU "configuration" level, which contain a name that comes from the metrics.yaml file. Then, at the VNF level, a list of monitoring-params is referred, with an ID, name, aggregation-type and their source, which can be a "vdu-metric" or a "vnf-metric" in this case.

#### Retrieving metrics from Prometheus TSDB

Once the metrics are being collected, they are stored in the Prometheus Time-Series DB **with an 'osm_' prefix**, and there are a number of ways in which you can retrieve them.

##### 1) Visualizing metrics in Prometheus UI

Prometheus TSDB includes its own UI, which you can visit at http://[OSM\_IP]:9091

From there, you can:

- Type any metric name (i.e. `osm_cpu_utilization`) in the 'expression' field and see its current value or a histogram.
- Visit the Status --> Target menu, to monitor the connection status between Prometheus and MON (through `mon-exporter`)

![Screenshot of OSM Prometheus UI](assets/800px-Osm_prometheus_rel5.png)

##### 2) Integrating Prometheus with Grafana

There is a well-known integration between these two components that allows Grafana to easily show interactive graphs for any metric. You can use any existing Grafana installation or the one that comes in OSM as the experimental `pm_stack`.

To install the `pm_stack` (which today includes only Grafana), in an existing OSM installation, run the installer in the following way:

```bash
./install_osm.sh -o pm_stack
```

Otherwise, if you are installing from scratch, you can simply run the installer with the `pm_stack` option.

```bash
./install.sh --pm_stack
```

Once installed, access Grafana with its default credentials (admin / admin) at `http://[OSM_IP_address]:3000` and by clicking the 'Manage' option at the 'Dashboards' menu (to the left), you will find a sample dashboard containing two graphs for VIM metrics, and two graphs for VNF metrics. You can easily change them or add more, as desired.

![Screenshot of OSM Grafana UI](assets/800px-Osm_grafana_rel5.png)

##### 3) Interacting with Prometheus directly through its API

Even though many analytics applications, like Grafana, include their own integration for Prometheus, some other applications do not include it out of the box or there is a need to build a custom integration.

In such cases, the [Prometheus HTTP API](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/) can be used to gather any metrics. A couple of examples are shown below:

Example with Date range query

```bash
curl 'http://localhost:9091/api/v1/query_range?query=osm_cpu_utilization&start=2018-12-03T14:10:00.000Z&end=2018-12-03T14:20:00.000Z&step=15s'
```

Example with Instant query

```bash
curl 'http://localhost:9091/api/v1/query?query=osm_cpu_utilization&time=2018-12-03T14:14:00.000Z'
```

Further examples and API calls can be found at the [Prometheus HTTP API documentation](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/).

##### 4) Interacting directly with MON Collector

The way Prometheus TSDB stores metrics is by querying Prometheus 'exporters' periodically, which are set as 'targets'. Exporters expose current metrics in a specific format that Prometheus can understand, more information can be found [here](https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exporters/)

OSM MON features a "mon-exporter" module that exports **current metrics** through port 8000. Please note that this port is by default not being exposed outside the OSM docker's network.

A tool that understands Prometheus 'exporters' (for example, Elastic Metricbeat) can be plugged-in to integrate directly with "mon-exporter". To get an idea on how metrics look alike in this particular format, you could:

###### 1. Get into MON console

```bash
docker exec -ti osm_mon.1.[id] bash
```

###### 2. Install curl

```bash
apt -y install curl
```

###### 3. Use curl to get the current metrics list

```bash
curl localhost:8000
```

Please note that as long as the Prometheus container is up, it will continue retrieving and storing metrics in addition to any other tool/DB you connect to `mon-exporter`.

##### 5) Using your own TSDB

OSM MON integrates Prometheus through a plugin/backend model, so if desired, other backends can be developed. If interested in contributing with such option, you can ask for details at our Slack #mon channel or through the OSM Tech mailing list.

#### Default Infrastructure Status Collection

OSM MON collects, automatically, "status metrics" for:

- VIMs - each VIM that OSM establishes contact with, the metric will be reflected with the name `osm_vim_status` in the TSDB.
- VMs - VMs for each VDU that OSM has instantiated, the metric will be reflected with the name `osm_vm_status` in the TSDB.

Metrics will be "1" or "0" depending on the element availability.

### Fault Management

#### Basic functionality

##### Logs & Events

As of Release 5.0.0, logs can be monitored on a per-container basis via command line, like this:

```bash
docker logs <container id or name>
```

For example:

```bash
docker logs osm_lcm.1.tkb8yr6v762d28ird0edkunlv
```

Logs can also be found in the corresponding volume of the host filesystem: `/var/lib/containers/[container-id]/[container-id].json.log`

Furthermore, there are some important events flowing between components through the Kafka bus, which can be monitored on a per-topic basis by external tools.

##### Alarm Manager for Metrics

As of Release FIVE, MON includes a new module called 'mon-evaluator'. The only use case supported today by this module is the configuration of alarms and evaluation of thresholds related to metrics, for the Policy Manager module (POL) to take actions such as [auto-scaling](#autoscaling).

Whenever a threshold is crossed and an alarm is triggered, the notification is generated by MON and put in the Kafka bus so other components can consume them. This event is today logged by both MON (generates notification) and POL (consumes notification, for its auto-scaling action)

By default, threshold evaluation occurs every 30 seconds. This value can be changed by setting an environment variable, for example:

```bash
docker service update --env-add OSMMON_EVALUATOR_INTERVAL=15 osm_mon
```

Further information regarding how to configure alarms through VNFDs for the supported use case can be found at the [auto-scaling documentation](#autoscaling)

Reference diagram:

![Diagram of OSM FM and ELK Experimental add-ons](assets/800px-Osm_fm_rel5.png)

#### Experimental functionality

As in the previous release, an optional 'OSM ELK' stack is available to allow for events visualization, consisting of the following tools:

- **Elastisearch** - scalable search engine and event database.
- **Filebeat & Metricbeat** - part of Elastic 'beats', which evolve the former Logstash component to provide generic logs and metrics collection, respectively.
- **Kibana** - Graphical tool for exploring all the collected events and generating customized views and dashboards.

##### Enabling the OSM ELK Stack

If you want to install OSM along with the ELK stack, run the installer as follows:

```bash
./install_osm.sh --elk_stack
```

If you just want to add the ELK stack to an existing OSM installation, run the installer as follows:

```bash
 ./install_osm.sh -o elk_stack
```

This will install four additional docker containers (Elasticsearch, Filebeat, Metricbeat and Kibana), as well as download a Docker image for an auxiliary tool named [Curator](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/curator/5.5/index.html) (`bobrik`/`curator`)

If you need to remove it at some point in time, just run the following command:

```bash
docker stack rm osm_elk
```

If you need to deploy the stack again after being removed:

```bash
docker stack deploy -c /etc/osm/docker/osm_elk/docker-compose.yml osm_elk
```

**IMPORTANT**: As time passes and more events are generated in your system, and depending on your configured searches, views and dashboards, Elasticsearch database which become very big, which may not be desirable in testing environments. In order to delete your data periodically, you can launch a Curator container that will delete the saved indexes, freeing the associated disk space.

For example, to delete all the data older than the last day:

```bash
docker run --rm --name curator --net host --entrypoint curator_cli bobrik/curator:5.5.4 --host localhost delete_indices --filter_list '[{"filtertype":"age","source":"creation_date","direction":"older","unit":"days","unit_count":1}]'
```

Or to delete the data older than 2 hours:

```bash
docker run --rm --name curator --net host --entrypoint curator_cli bobrik/curator:5.5.4 --host localhost delete_indices --filter_list '[{"filtertype":"age","source":"creation_date","direction":"older","unit":"hours","unit_count":2}]'
```

##### Testing the OSM ELK Stack

1. Download the sample dashboards to your desktop from this link (right click, save link as): <https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/other/osm_kibana_dashboards.json>
2. Visit Kibana at `http://[OSM_IP]:5601` and:
   1. Go to "Management" --> Saved Objects --> Import (select the downloaded file)
   2. Go to "Dashboard" and select the "OSM System Dashboard", which connects to other three sub-dashboards (You may need to redefine "filebeat-*" as the default 'index-pattern' by selecting it, marking the star and revisiting the Dashboards)
   3. Metrics (from Metricbeat) and logs (from Filebeat) should appear at the corresponding visualizations.

![OSM Kibana Sample Dashboard](assets/800px-Osm_kibana_dashboard.png)

### Autoscaling

### Reference diagram

The following diagram summarizes the feature:

![Diagram explaining auto-scaling support](assets/800px-Osm_pol_as.png)

- Scaling descriptors can be included and be tied to automatic reaction to VIM/VNF metric thresholds.
- Supported metrics are both VIM and VNF metrics. More information about metrics collection can be found at the [Performance Management documentation](#performance-management)
- An internal alarm manager has been added to MON through the 'mon-evaluator' module, so that both VIM and VNF metrics can also trigger threshold-violation alarms and scaling actions. More information about this module can be found at the [Fault Management documentation](05-osm-usage.md#fault-management)

### Scaling Descriptor

The scaling descriptor is part of a VNFD. Like the example below shows, it mainly specifies:

- An existing metric to be monitored, which should be pre-defined in the monitoring-param list (`vnf-monitoring-param-ref`).
- The VDU to be scaled (vdu-id-ref) and the amount of instances to scale per event (`count`)
- The thresholds to monitor (`scale-in/out-threshold`)
- The minimum and maximum amount of **scaled instances** to produce.
- The minimum time it should pass between scaling operations (`cooldown-time`)

```yaml
scaling-group-descriptor:
-   name: "cpu_autoscaling_descriptor"
    min-instance-count: 0
    max-instance-count: 10
    scaling-policy:
    -   name: "cpu_scaling_policy"
        scaling-type: "automatic"
        cooldown-time: 120
        scaling-criteria:
        -   name: "cpu_autoscaling_criteria"
            scale-in-threshold: 20
            scale-in-relational-operation: "LT"
            scale-out-threshold: 80
            scale-out-relational-operation: "GT"
            vnf-monitoring-param-ref: "vnf01_cpu_util"
    vdu:
    -   count: 1
        vdu-id-ref: vdu01
```

### Example

This will launch a Network Service formed by an HAProxy load balancer and an (autoscalable) Apache web server. Please check:

1. Your VIM has an accesible 'public' network and a management network (in this case called "PUBLIC" and "vnf-mgmt")
2. Your VIM has the 'haproxy_ubuntu' and 'apache_ubuntu' images, which can be found [here](https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/images/)
3. You run the following command to match your VIM metrics telemetry system's granularity, if different than 300s (recommended for this example is 60s or Gnocchi's `medium archive-policy`):

```bash
docker service update --env-add OS_DEFAULT_GRANULARITY=60 osm_mon
```

Get the descriptors:

```bash
wget https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/packages/webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_nsd.tar.gz
wget https://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-4.0-four/4th-hackfest/packages/webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_vnfd.tar.gz
```

Onboard them:

```bash
osm vnfd-create webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_vnfd.tar.gz
osm nsd-create webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_nsd.tar.gz
```

Launch the NS:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name web01 --nsd_name webserver_vimmetric_autoscale_ns --vim_account <VIM_ACCOUNT_NAME>|<VIM_ACCOUNT_ID>
osm ns-list
osm ns-show web01
```

Testing:

1. To ensure the NS is working, visit the Load balancer's IP at the public network using a browser, the page should show an OSM logo and active VDUs.
2. To check metrics at Prometheus, visit `http://[OSM_IP]:9091` and look for osm_cpu_utilization and `osm_average_memory_utilization` (initial values could take some some minutes depending on your telemetry system's granularity).
3. To check metrics at Grafana, just install the OSM preconfigured version (`./install_osm.sh -o pm_stack`) and visit `http://[OSM_IP]:3000` (`admin`/`admin`), you will find a sample dashboard (the two top charts correspond to this example).
4. To increase CPU in this example to auto-scale the web server, install Apache Bench in a client within reach (could be the OSM host) and run it towards `test.php`.

```bash
sudo apt install apache2-utils
ab -n 5000000 -c 2 http://[load-balancer-ip]/test.php
# This will stress CPU to 100% and trigger a scale-out operation in POL.
# In this test, scaling will usually go up to 3 web servers before HAProxy spreads to load to reach a normal CPU level (w/ 60s granularity, 180s cooldown)
```

Any of the VMs can be accessed through SSH to further monitor (with `htop`, for example), and there is an HAProxy UI at port `http://[HAProxy_IP]:32700` (all credentials are `osm`/`osm2018`)

## Using Network Slices

TODO: Page in elaboration. Meanwhile, you can find a good explanation and examples [in this presentation](http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/osm-6.0-six/8th-hackfest/presentations/8th%20OSM%20Hackfest%20-%20Session%206%20-%205G%20Network%20Slicing%20with%20OSM.pdf)

## Using Kubernetes-based VNFs (KNFs)

From Release SEVEN, OSM supports Kubernetes-based VNF (KNF). In order to test it, you require a K8s cluster connected to a network in the VIM (e.g. "vim-net"

You will have to add the K8s cluster to OSM. For that purpose, you 

```bash
osm k8scluster-add --creds clusters/kubeconfig-cluster.yaml --version '1.15' --vim <VIM_NAME|VIM_ID> --description "My K8s cluster" --k8s-nets '{"net1": "vim-net"}' cluster
osm k8scluster-list
osm k8scluster-show cluster
```

Then, you might need to add some repos from where to download helm charts required by the KNF:

```bash
osm repo-add --type helm-chart --description "Bitnami repo" bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
osm repo-add --type helm-chart --description "Cetic repo" cetic https://cetic.github.io/helm-charts
osm repo-add --type helm-chart --description "Elastic repo" elastic https://helm.elastic.co
osm repo-list
osm repo-show bitnami
```

Once done, you can work with KNF in the same way as you do with any VNF. You can onboard them. For instance, you can use the example below of a KNF consisting of a single Kubernetes deployment unit based on OpenLDAP helm chart.

```bash
wget http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/Packages/hackfests/openldap_knf.tar.gz
wget http://osm-download.etsi.org/ftp/Packages/hackfests/openldap_ns.tar.gz
osm nfpkg-create openldap_knf.tar.gz
osm nspkg-create openldap_ns.tar.gz
```

You can instantiate two NS instances:

```bash
osm ns-create --ns_name ldap --nsd_name openldap_ns --vim_account <VIM_NAME|VIM_ID>
osm ns-create --ns_name ldap2 --nsd_name openldap_ns --vim_account <VIM_NAME|VIM_ID> --config '{additionalParamsForVnf: [{"member-vnf-index": "openldap", "additionalParams": {"replicaCount": "2"}}]}'
```

Check in the cluster that pods are properly created:

- The pods associated to ldap should be using version openldap:1.2.1 and have 1 replica
- The pods associated to ldap2 should be using version openldap:1.2.1 and have 2 replicas

Now you can upgrade both NS instances:

```bash
osm ns-action ldap --vnf_name openldap --kdu_name ldap --action_name upgrade --params '{kdu_model: "stable/openldap:1.2.2"}'
osm ns-action ldap2 --vnf_name openldap --kdu_name ldap --action_name upgrade --params '{kdu_model: "stable/openldap:1.2.1", "replicaCount": "3"}'
```

Check that both operations are marked as completed:

```bash
osm ns-op-list ldap
osm ns-op-list ldap2
```

Check in the cluster that both actions took place:

- The pods associated to ldap should be using version openldap:1.2.2
- The pods associated to ldap2 should be using version openldap:1.2.1 and have 3 replicas

Rollback both NS instances:

```bash
osm ns-action ldap --vnf_name openldap --kdu_name ldap --action_name rollback
osm ns-action ldap2 --vnf_name openldap --kdu_name ldap --action_name rollback
```

Check that both operations are marked as completed:

```bash
osm ns-op-list ldap
osm ns-op-list ldap2
```

Check in the cluster that both actions took place:

- The pods associated to ldap should be using version openldap:1.2.1
- The pods associated to ldap2 should be using version openldap:1.2.1 and have 2 replicas

Delete both instances:

```bash
osm ns-delete ldap
osm ns-delete ldap2
```

Delete the packages:

```bash
osm nspkg-delete openldap_ns
osm nfpkg-delete openldap_knf
```

Optionally, remove the repos and the cluster

```bash
#Delete repos
osm repo-delete cetic
osm repo-delete bitnami
osm repo-delete elastic
#Delete cluster
osm k8scluster-delete cluster
```

